Saturday, May 23, 2020

Public Health Deals With Community Health Problems Essay

1. Public Health deals with community health problems. Public health is consisted to be the forefront in preventing disease, and prolonging an individual’s life and promoting health through the systematized efforts of the organizations. Public health also handles any concerns of possible threat(s) to the public health based on population health analysis. Public health joins the interdisciplinary methods of epidemiology, biostatistics and health services, environmental health, community health, behavioral health, and economics. Community Health is considered a subject that affects the research and development of the health characteristics of various communities. Community health also focuses on geographical areas includes primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare. 2. Planning function requires collecting information from the environment and using the analysis towards activities and actions for an organization. Planning includes many activities from a general standpoint tin order to figure out what are the best alternatives. The statistics collected from area clinics and hospitals will be used as a blueprint to correct the problem(s) at hand. Directing function -handles the responsibility of the people in the organization. Controlling function -handles the monitoring and assessing the actions of the organization. Organizing function handles the activities and resources. Financing function -handles how funds have increase or decrease, due to preventive measures from healthShow MoreRelatedDevelopment of Healthcare in the Uk Essay.1114 Words   |  5 Pagesthe public health issues in 1840s and explain why the measures proposed to solve these problems were not popular. Is there anything today which we can learn from this period in developing current public health policies†? Public health happens to be something that individuals understand naturally, but have difficulty to define specially, as evidenced by different definitions of public health found in writings. The most known definition of Public health by Winslow (1920) describe as â€Å"Public healthRead MoreNeighborhood News: A Summary of Events from Episode 51837 Words   |  7 PagesNeighborhood News Summarize the events which took place during Episode 5 In episode 5, there is a forest fire that has been impacting the community. At first, this was supposed to be something that was easily contained. However, the dry and windy conditions have made the situation more extreme (with the lingering smoke posing as a health risk). As a result, an advisory has been issues for everyone to stay indoors unless outside travel is absolutely necessary. For the hospital, this means thatRead MoreTask 4 Disaster in Frankllin county Essay668 Words   |  3 Pages The role of the major public health personnel, including the public health nurse, is to provide the public with accurate information, and to assure the community, as well as ensure the immediate safety and well-being of the members of the community, while being competent compassionate and accessible. The public health director was contacted by the incident commander to attend the incident briefing due to immediate and long term public health impacts. The fire chief gave report concerningRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing1626 Words   |  7 PagesCOLLEGE OF NURSING NCM 101 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING Health Promotion and Public Health Health †¢ A State of complete physical, mental and social well- being, not merely an absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948). †¢ A State of being well and using every power the individual possesses to the fullest extent (Nightingale, 1969). †¢ Optimum Level of Functioning (OLOF) Determinants of Health (World Health Organization) †¢ The health of individuals and communities are, to a large extentRead MorePublic Health And Health Care Essay1664 Words   |  7 PagesPublic health preparedness ascribes to the ability of a health care provider to deal with the health consequences caused by emergencies. Over the past few years, public health threats have been on the rise, ranging from accidental and natural threats to intentional threats like acts of terror (Bernstein, 2013). For instance, since September 11, 2001 and the anthrax attacks efforts have been made by both the federal government and health care providers to increase the nation’s ability to prepare andRead More HIV/AIDS Public Health Policies: A Comparison Between South Africa and Cuba 1340 Words   |  6 PagesHIV/AIDS is still a current public health concern for all countries of the world. Research has helped progress the education and treatment of the virus, but some areas of the world still have difficulty with this public health concern. Out of all developing countries, South Africa has one of the highest percentages of their population living with HIV/AIDS while Cuba has one of the lowest percentages of their population living with the virus. In this paper, the public health policies of South AfricaRead MoreA Comparison of Community Psychology and Public Health1179 Words   |  5 PagesCOMPARISON OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH. In this assignment the key differences and similarities of community psychology and the public health approach will be examined and critically compared. Community Psychology is a branch of psychology which is concerned primarily with achieving positive mental health in the broader context of the community rather than the individual. Public health is primarily concerned and focused on changing behaviours within the context of the public in orderRead MoreHealth Policy : Health Care Policy1241 Words   |  5 PagesHealth care Policy Health policy refers to the decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken with the purpose of achieving specific healthcare goals within a certain society (Lindsay, 2005). According to the world health organization, an explicit health policy is capable of achieving several things. It states a vision for the future, which helps to establish targets for medium and short term. A brief history of universal healthcare efforts in the US In the 1800, the German and British systemsRead MoreIntegrating Care For City Of Pasadena Public Health Department1491 Words   |  6 PagesIntegrating Care for City of Pasadena Public Health Department Integrated care helps with prevention of behavioral health and physical health problems. In addition, integrated care relates to a worldwide concept of health care reform that focuses more on coordinated care and integrated care ideas. This idea deals with the fragmented delivery of health care and the social service system helping the lower-income populations within the United States. World Health Organization explains that integratedRead MoreThis Is Public Health - a Comparison Between Old and New Public Health Systems in Australia1595 Words   |  7 PagesAs the term ‘health’ progresses to even more dynamic and ambiguous territories in the world today, health promotion and public health organisations have become increasingly important and prevalent in our society. As the World Health Organisation has tried to define health as ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity’, it is obvious that health is viewed from many perspectives today and this can help explain the trends and shifts

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Making A Tough Business Decision - 902 Words

Leaders are faced with thousands of decisions to make during their careers. Making a tough business decision could be difficult, especially when you know many will be affected by it. Regardless of how difficult the decision could be, a successful leader cannot sit around being uncertain about what to do, they will quickly make a decision and communicate their goals to others. At times, it is not about making the right decision, but just making a decision. Every leader is different, therefore they have different decision making styles such as command, collaborative, consensus, and convenience (Gleeson, 2012). Martin Thomas, the CEO from Devise Products Unlimited (DPU), recently decided that it was time to change the culture of his organization. He did it by implementing a program called the FISH! Philosophy. Without providing any training, he decided to provide all his leaders a copy of the FISH! Book with a goal in mind to implement the program in each one of their departments within a month. After a month, he followed up with his leaders to see the progress and there was little to no success implementing the new program. Thomas had a difficult decision to make and unfortunately, it was not a smart move from his part. Business culture can be defined as how people behave with each other within an organization and how they interact with their clients Craig, 2014). Therefore, business culture is the organizations identity. If Thomas was having problems with how employees wereShow MoreRelatedLeadership Style For 21st Century1477 Words   |  6 Pageslike Ford, General Electric and International Business Machines, it is evident that they had series of leaders who were visionary and believed in empowerment of people. When we analyze tough phases of a company or companies that had a fall and ultimate demise, we clearly see a linkage between failure of company and absence of effective leadership (Canwell, Dongrie, Neveras, Stockton, 2014). The successful organization had leaders who made right decisions at right time and implemented them strategicallyRead MoreA Business Perspective Of Management Discipline1 299 Words   |  6 Pages 1. From a business perspective why is management discipline important? Compare and contrast the management discipline to medicine and law (how are these similar and how are they different - be specific in your explanations and provide examples to support your response). From a business perspective management discipline is as important as the next key factor to company success because it, â€Å"...drives the field forward† (Magretta, 9). Having discipline can help to set measurable goals, stay on trackRead MoreFilling The Heels Of The President1491 Words   |  6 Pageswas named The Most Powerful Woman in American Business after leading Lucent to become the most successful IPO in history. The answer to reform this country’s economy is to treat it like a business. Among all the politicians that advocate reform, Fiorina possesses the business acumen we need in our President. By zero-based budgeting, the economy will have the outcome we have all been hoping for. Lastly, Fiorina is fluent in making tough calls during tough times from being a CEO in a failing economyRead MoreThe Video, Leadership Decisions1470 Words   |  6 Pagesvideo, â€Å"Leadership Decisions† explains pretty clearly what the talking points will be. After 20 s econds of watching the video, I was thinking this was going to be a basic message about making a decision which we as leaders make every day. Watching the rest of the video, my opinion change and it really hit me. Even though we make decisions every day, we are impacting the individuals we lead, the business we run, and the customers we serve. Leaders cannot just make a decision or have an opinionRead MoreMoral Dilemmas673 Words   |  3 PagesMoral Dilemmas Moral Dilemmas Introduction Moral dilemmas are situations, which cause conflicts, and the decision made, can breach one or another principle or claim. The action taken by the subject can be something wrong or something undermining another option. Dilemmas cause conflicts where the subject has to settle on the appropriate action to be followed for certain options available; hence unable to decide the course of action to pursue. They are moral dilemmas because they conflict withRead MoreParagon Tool1059 Words   |  5 Pagesfuture growth strategy. Once such a strategy is formulated, if the service business and MonitoRobotic’s fit with these plans, then Nickolas should take the next step in conducting the necessary due diligence to determine that the MonitoRobotic acquisition price and it’s culture will fit with Paragon Tools. Current Situation While Paragon Tool Company seems to be a healthy machine tool manufacturing company surviving in a tough industry, a primary concern for Nickolas Anaptyxi, CEO, is continuedRead MoreTo What Extent Should the Strategic Decision-Making Be Mainly Determined by the Interests of the Shareholders Rather Than the Broader Range of Stakeholders?1012 Words   |  5 Pagesaffected by the activities of an organisation. The stakeholder approach means that the business focuses on the needs of its main stakeholders. These can include the local community, employees, customers and suppliers and can focus on environmental issues, regular orders and security of employment. 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In our first case, McDonalds â€Å"Seniors† Restaurant

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Tale of Two Coaches Free Essays

string(82) " to live and lead with some principles and take responsibility for their actions\." Running Head: Tale of Two Coaches and Leadership Tale of Two Coaches and Leadership Randal J. Reutzel Grand Canyon University: LDR – 600 October 27, 2011 Abstract Coaching and leadership seem to be synonymous with each other, in that if you’re a high caliber coach you must be a great leader, how else would you have achieved your success. While coaching in the NCAA division 1 basketball the goal is to win national championships, while also being a mentor to your students. We will write a custom essay sample on Tale of Two Coaches or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bobby Knight is a great basketball legend at Indiana, with a past of outrageous unacceptable behavior to the fans and to players, while also having one of the best collegiate records of all time. Coach Krzyzewski was also a great coach, was mentored by coach Knight and went on to be a legend at Duke. Coach K’s style of coaching was less dramatic and more heartfelt in his approach. Coach K’s was concerned for his player’s feelings and his style of motivating his players centered on less dramatizations on and off the court. Both Coaches were successful; one got into the heads of its players through coercive intimidation to be the best, the other through caring, talking and high levels of trust. Which coach is best depends on whom you ask and what perspective of coaching leadership style you prefer, or it could be a generational time difference or simply opposite styles that worked and produced results. Tale of Two Coaches and Leadership Leaders through time have on many occasions aligned their leadership styles to the great coaches either in the NFL or NBA. Does being a great coach and the techniques used by coaches translate into what leaders or managers should be leading employees by? Two great coaches with NCAA basketball championships, one mentored by the other, can have very different approaches and still get the results needed, winning seasons along with students who went on to great careers and have great respect for their mentors and coaches. Coach Bobby Knight led his teams through his relationship from a base of power. In the article from ESPN by Mike Puma, Knight was known for his tirades against players, referees and reporters as well as his brilliance to win games. Knight led his teams with complete control and nobody was second guessing his decisions, if they did it was with great conflict. He may have wanted to resolve the conflict but it was going to be on his terms. Knight led his teams with complete control from his position as the head of the team. He demanded certain expectations and rewarded this with play time or with sharp reprimands and punishment. His style was that of a managerial role, he demanded respect in that he held the position of power and he alone would be the master of activities and routines and this would influence players and the ultimate outcome. Northouse, 2010) Coach Knight led his teams with a history of demanding on others what he could not accomplish as a player. He developed a pattern of coercion that was demonstrated even off the court, by assaulting police during the Pan Am games or throwing chairs across courts. (Northouse, 2010) Coach Krzyzewski or â€Å"K† led his teams through his relations from a b ase of personal power, with no mistake he was the head coach. Coach K was mentored as a player and assistant coach for the military under Coach Bob Knight. Although Coach K went into the military, he was not of military mind, and this may have latter influenced his leadership traits. He dreamed of being a teacher not a military officer. (Bob Carter) What he learned from Knight was it took an unbelievable passion to be a leader, not Knights antics that put him into trouble more often than not. Coach K lead his teams and to championships through his role as a leader by inspiring and energizing the team, taking ownership in their actions. Grant Hill said coach K had a way of making people totally vested in the decision-making process, and that is what made him a great leader. Bob Carter) Traits of Coaching and Leadership Both coaches had specific traits that lead them to success, although one coach’s traits also lead to his demise while the other coach realized the passion needed and channeled his leadership spirit into more socially acceptable patterns. Coach Knight and Coach K were both intelligent and knew the intellectual struct ure of creating and leading great basketball teams. They demonstrated the ability to get talent and use that talent in different ways against different teams to win games and championships. Early in both coaches careers they knew what they wanted and what careers they wanted to pursue. To get to their end means of coaching they played the sport, learned from others and when through college level training. All of the training, and along the way making mistakes, they gained the confidence within themselves and gained self-esteem and self-assurance that they could make a difference. Coach Knight was given the opportunity through the army as a coach to demonstrate his style of leadership was the correct one. Coach K through the army was given the education, with his passion of basketball and mentoring from Coach Knight gained the self confidence to become what he wanted to be, a teacher and a coach. Determination for both coaches was that they wanted to be winners, leaders, and be a part of something great. Early in Coach Knight’s career even he stated that he only offered indentured servitude and unlimited practice. Early in Coach K’s career he was not an outstanding coach; others did believe in him and he gained self confidence with good players at Duke. Coach K again is quoted he learned from Knight the passion and amount of preparation it takes to be successful. (Bob Carter) Integrity is the ability of a leader to live and lead with some principles and take responsibility for their actions. You read "Tale of Two Coaches" in category "Papers" The ability to possess integrity should build confidence in your team. Integrity is probably where the two coaches will separate their styles of leadership. Coach Knight through the years did several things to damage that integrity, through his actions in Panama or ways he degraded assistant coaches or lecturing teams with the use of props of soiled toilet paper. There were many times where his actions did not represent the role which he was given and he made little effort to change unless he was forced. Coach K built much of what he was on his integrity; he stuck up for his players many times. Once his team was graded by the student paper, it was the fact that the paper portrayed the players as instruments of entertainment and ego indulgence; this infuriated the coach, which he later apologized. What Coach K stood for was a caring, communication and trust within the team, and that was what he wanted for the whole student body, and why his fan base was so strong. The last important trait style of leadership is the ability for a leader to seek out good pleasant social relationships. The leader should be thought of as friendly, outgoing, courteous, tactful and diplomatic. Coach Knight, I believe, started out his career with these traits as he had to, through time, over confidence and ego caused him to lose most of these traits. People would say if you only know him like I do, but it was reported that he was known to be rude, defiant and hostile. (Bob Carter) Coach K on the other hand was exponentially known for his trait as having social leadership skills. He said you have to feel what your players feel in order to be a leader. A former player and now a coach Quin Snyder said that you give up ego to be a part of something special. (Bob Carter) Ego can and will get in the way of great social ability to lead a team and be a part of a team. Coach K has been and will be remember for his greatness, he possessed the most complete set of the 5 trait characteristics of a leader and it made him more accomplished and respected. Coach Knight lacked in the traits and his ego, temper, integrity came back to haunt him. He may be remembered more for his antics on and off the court than his record wins or development of players. The Three Skills of Coaching Success The three skills that are needed for success as a leader according to our reading from Robert Katz and Michael D. Mumford are Technical, Human and Conceptual. Through the levels of management different emphasis is required from each to be a great leader. In the situation of the coaches, they needed to possess top management skills where human and conceptual skills place more important than the technical aspects of the game of basketball. In the readings, both coaches knew the technical aspects of the game and surrounded themselves with knowledgeable assistances. Coach K’s emphasis was the human and conceptual aspects of his team and his responsibility to the school and its students. His kids needed to feel a part of something great and bigger than themselves and togetherness, this was demonstrated when coach K handed team phone numbers out and encouraged freshman to use them. (Mike Puma) Coach Knight demonstrated skills for the technical and conceptual skills; he had an ability to always figure out the best approach to win games against many different teams. Coach Knight is on record for being the youngest coach ever to win 600 games. He struggled with the ability to work with people that did not match his style or demands of doing exactly everything his way. He continually abused players and assistant coaches, while also getting in trouble in foreign countries. Leadership Grid Comparison The leadership grid from chapter 4, developed by Robert R. Blake and Jane S. Mouton, is basically a grid of different leadership styles with the two axis x – horizontal measure is based for results and y- vertical is based on concern for people. I believe from the reading that coach K and Knight developed strong leadership styles based on one premise for winning, or results. What they did was go about teaching and leading the teams differently to attain those results. Coach K moved his leadership style around as he needed to according to the needs of players or the team. Based on his style he concentrated his style in the middle of the road, trying to balance the need to get work done and the team needs, but he strongly styled his effort in the direction of team management by surrounding his team with committed members and built relationships of trust and respect. Coach Knight directed his leadership style more as an authority-compliance manager. He expected things to be done his way, and everyone around him to carter to his needs, whether that was good for personal development or not. The win, and only the win, was what needed to happen and he stepped and plowed through anyone and by any controversial tirade he had to get there. He even said in an interview that if you’re being raped to lay back and enjoy it. I believe this was his way of saying to the interviewer about his tantrums – which everyone just needed to put up with him. When he goes wild he wants to not be held responsible for his actions and for everyone to shut up. (Mike Puma) Contingency Model for Coaches The question presented: were both coaches matched to their situation based on the model developed by Fred Edward Fiedler described as the contingency mode? I think the answer is both yes and no. The styles of leadership in this model are described as being a task motivated or relationship motivated leadership. From the reading both coaches were winning coaches, they both used different approaches to get the results. In this model Coach K was high on leader-member, but with strong tasks, and did this without enforcing his positional power. Coach K did well with this leadership style at Duke University. Coach Knight was more task structured, the requirements were clear and spelled out and Knight controlled everything around him. When things got out of his control, people and team mates suffered and things did not go well for the coach. This goes against the model in some aspects in that if you’re out of control the task relationship should work out better for this type of leader, but there are flaws in the model. This works well for someone with specific tasks like fixing a part or cleaning a sink. In the situation of coach Knight it was more ambiguous in the tasks that needed to be accomplished. He could not deal with ambiguity and his temper showed as he took it out on other people and team members. (Northouse, 2010) Situational Leadership II The two coaches showed evidence from both readings that they practiced some level of situational leadership. Coach K demonstrated that he stood up for his players and they knew they could trust him. When he gave the ball to Laettner to stuff a basket in the final seconds to win a championship he knew he had the skills and would get the job done. He wanted to win for the team not for himself and even said once, did you see their faces and how happy they are. (Bob Carter) Coach K led his team by the skills that the team had; he did not change them, he developed them. Coach Knight, I believe, also led teams by development and using skills in the appropriate areas. He did it in a fashion of sheer work and drive to hone the skill in each person to exactly the perfection he wanted. When he did not get it or thought they were not giving enough, there were consequences for all around. Coach Knight was low on the supportive and directive behavior quadrant; I do not think he felt comfortable or confident to manage from that perspective. (Northouse, 2010) He excelled from the more comfortable leadership position S2 with only fringes of S1 or S3, unless they were extremely successful. Path-Goal Theory The path-goal theory of leadership is by understanding and leading people through enhancing performance and satisfaction and then focusing on what motivates them. For both coaches and for the entire player, the goal was to win games and that is what everyone wants. Both coaches had to go out and get potential players and those player and coaches began a dialogue on what both wanted and how they were going to achieve it. I believe that players that were coached by Knight knew his style and methods that he used to win games. Even today people say you don’t know him like we do, meaning his methods to them were acceptable. Likewise, Coach K went out to get players and they knew what he was like and his methods. The players chose to go with the perspective school and accepted them based on learned knowledge. Both coaches led their players in a fashion that was in an achievement-oriented style to reach their highest potential for the best outcome – winning games. The players with the desire of external locus of control probably liked Coach K style of leadership. The external locus of control the subordinate likes to feel more in control of their destiny and maybe take part in the decisions; this would be a part of something special with players and Coach K. Coach Knight was a dominate leader and coach, in control of everything – external locus of control players would believe more outside forces are in control. Directive leadership would be best for these types of players as they like the idea of someone taking control. Both teams coached by either Knight or Krzyzewski demonstrated the task characteristics as both coaches and players needed to be able to perform on the floor during a game with independence as things happen fast. Both coaches needed their teams to function on their own with a high degree of confidence. They would use the skills taught to them to win the game. References Northouse, P. (2010). Leadership: Theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage Publications Bob Carter, Krzyzewskiville, ESPN Classic. From: http://www. espn. go. com/classic/biography/s/Krzyzewski_Mike. html Mike Puma, Knight Known for titles, temper, ESPN Classic. From: http://espn. go. com/classic/biography/s/Knight_Bob. html How to cite Tale of Two Coaches, Papers

Saturday, May 2, 2020

Through The Social Marketing Organization Encourages the Customer

Question: How Has Blue Nile Reduced Consumer Anxiety Over Online Diamond Purchases? Answer: Introducation: For managing and monitoring the operational, functional areas of ecommerce while ensuring the impact of the factor on the business the local marketing, mobile marketing and the social marketing are considered as the essential factors. The fundamental aspect of the organizations along with the scope and objectives are used to evaluate and manage various aspect of e-commerce application and website (Tadesse Bahiigwa, 2015). The application of the local and social marketing helps in incorporating the business objectives requirements and functional requirements of the business within the e-commerce strategies. The marketing concepts used in the e-commerce includes the engagement and communication between the customers. Through the social marketing, the organizations encourages the customer to follow the business and engage in conversation with the business and other customers (Risselada, H., Verhoef Bijmolt, 2014). The brand image and the customer relationship can be significantly enha nced through the online conversation and assessment of the products. The marketing process for the organization comprised of six significant modules and steps. In the first step, the business organization acquired the fan customer base. In the second stage the business initiate customer engagement in the online portal or social media. The amplification of the customer engagement is gained through the marketing and advertisement. The development of the strong community following the particular brand or product helps in enhancing the brand image and strength. Facebook marketing is considered as one of the most effective and significant marketing procedure followed by various origination for capturing a large number of potential customer. The basic Facebook feature including search option, timeline and news feed allows the customer to search for a particular product or brand with ease (Wang et al., 2014). The Facebook social networking site enhances and magnifies the customer density within reach. Through the Facebook marketing campaign, the business organizations can establish a brand image through the Facebook page. The application of the feedback and comments section helps in establishing the customer communication and engagement with the business organization. The brand image can be encouraged through the sharing of images, videos and posts about the products and services sold by the organization. Further, the application of the Facebook analytics tools helps in gaining the insight of fan interaction with the Facebook page (Lamsfus et al., 2015). Various analytical tools including Webtrends, Google Analytics and HootSuite enhances the management and monitoring of the Facebook page for providing customer oriented and customized products and website layout. Similarly various social media websites including twitter, Pinterest and google plus, provides similar marketing tools and proc edure for enhancing the brand image and gaining customer preference. Furthermore, it have been analyzed that in spite of having significant advantages, the social network marketing is associated with the lack of complete control over the advertisement (Liu et al., 2016). The business organization cannot control the area for displaying the advertisement. In addition to that, the organization have no control over the embarrassing, inaccurate contents, comments and post shared by the user about the business or services. Furthermore, the organization should incorporate the location based services and marketing in the development of the business strategies. References Lamsfus, C., Wang, D., Alzua-Sorzabal, A., Xiang, Z. (2015). Going mobile: Defining context for on-the-go travelers.Journal of Travel Research,54(6), 691-701. Liu, C., Mao, J., Wong, T., Tang, W., Tso, L. S., Tang, S., ... Ma, W. (2016). Comparing the effectiveness of a crowdsourced video and a social marketing video in promoting condom use among Chinese men who have sex with men: a study protocol.BMJ open,6(10), e010755. Risselada, H., Verhoef, P. C., Bijmolt, T. H. (2014). Dynamic effects of social influence and direct marketing on the adoption of high-technology products.Journal of Marketing,78(2), 52-68. Tadesse, G., Bahiigwa, G. (2015). Mobile phones and farmers marketing decisions in Ethiopia.World development,68, 296-307. Wang, X., Chen, M., Kwon, T., Jin, L., Leung, V. (2014). Mobile traffic offloading by exploiting social network services and leveraging opportunistic device-to-device sharing.IEEE Wireless Communications,21(3), 28-36.